专业 试卷 A ( B ) 卷 题号 一 二 三 四 五 总分 成绩 I. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (3x5). 1. phoneme 2. context
3. speech act 4. sense 5. synonymy
II. True or False (1x20)
1. Language is arbitrary in nature but it is not entirely arbitrary.
2. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive because it sets rules for language users to follow.
3. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing.
4. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
5. Free morphemes may be subdivided into inflectional and derivational morphemes. 6. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.
7. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences that could be produced.
8. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze sentence meaning.
9. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 10. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.
11. Overgeneralizations only occur in children’s acquisition of syntax and morphology. 12. Sociolinguistics studies language in social contexts.
13. The greatest source of modification of air stream is found in the pharyngeal cavity. 14. [ f ] is a dental consonant.
15. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
16. The word \"ungentlemanliness\" has five morphemes. 17. Meaning is central to the study of communication.
18. Sentences are strings of words put together in random order. 19. The structure of words is not governed by rules.
20. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its constituent words.
III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word(1x15).
1. Naturally, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language and this is known as language _______. 2. Actually the relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite __________ 3. The standard language is supposed, socially prestigious ______ of language. 4. As a result of Norman Conquest of 1066, vast quantities of _______ words were added to the English vocabulary.
5. The notion of _________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 6. ________ is a term used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.
7. In English, the D-structure can be turned into S-structure through ___________. 8. The word “disagreement” consists of a free _________ “agree”, a(n) ________ “dis-” and a suffix “ness”.
9. The allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in __________distribution. 10. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This sentence means that language has the feature of ____________. 11. IPA indicates ___________________________________________.
12. Conventionally, a phoneme is put in s _________, while phones are put in s______ b_____________.
13. The allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in c__________ distribution. 14. In English, there are two kinds of stress. They are w______ stress and s_______ stress.
15. Free morphemes are made up of f________ roots.
IV. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (1x20) 1. The core of linguistics excludes_______. A. semantics B. morphology
C. phonetics D. psycholinguistics
2. The distinction between langue and parole was made by ___. A. N. Chomsky B. F. de. Saussure C. Charles Hockett D. Sir William Jones 3. The sound k and g are separate ______. A. allophones B. phonemes C. morphemes D. allomorphs
4. In TG grammar, the syntactic component provides the ______ for a sentence. A. sound B. meaning C. structure D. finite set
5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _________. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms
6. What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have? A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative
7. The London speech that was illustrated in Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed ________.
A. Old English B. Early Old English C. Early Modern English D. Middle English
8. A linguist regards the change in language and language use as _____. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal
9. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about_______.
A. language and thought B. language and translation C. grammatical structure D. second language acquisition
10. Southern learners of English in China tend to pronounce “night” as “light”, which shows _______.
A. They can not pronounce the sound [n]. B. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds.
C. Interlanguage interference because there is not the sound [n] in southern dialect. D. Their teachers do not have a good teaching method. 11. _______ shows the feature of complementarity? A. single/married B. lend/borrow C. hot/cold D. old/young
12. The pair of words \"excellent\" and\" terrible\" are________. A. gradable antonyms
B. complementary antonyms C. relational opposites D. co--hyponyms
13. We call the relation between \"animal\" and \"horse\" as_______. A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy
14. __________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non--linguistic world of experience. A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought
15. Which description of the meaning components of the word \"father\" is right? A. + human, + adult, - male B. + human, - adult , + male C. - human, + adult, - male D. + human, + adult, + male
16. The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is________________ A. one is subordinate to the other B. they hold unequal status
C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence. D. they are incorporated
17. Language is ________, which means that there no logical connection between meanings and sound.
A. productive B. arbitrary C. dual D. universal
18. There are ________________ morphemes in the word “international”. A. two B. three C. four D. five
19. Inflectional affixes convey _____________ meaning. A. lexical B. grammatical C. morphological D. morphemic
20. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the________. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. none of the above
IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 3x10 ):
1. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in convey meaning? 2. What are CP and its four maxims?
3. What are the differences between root and stem? Draw a tree diagram for the following statements: 1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside. 2) He knows I will come the day after tomorrow.
Answer Sheet
Class _____________ Name ______________ No. ____________ Mark______ I.
II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. III. . 1. 2.
3. 5. 7. 9. 10. 11. 13. 14. 15.
IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. V.
12. 4. 6 . 8. Reference Answer:
I. 1. phoneme: A phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. It is a speech sound we use when speaking a language. For example, in English, there are about 45 phonemes, including /p/, /t/, /g/ etc.
2. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
3. speech act: The ‘speech act theory’ , proposed by J. Austin and his student J. Searle, is a theory about language used to ‘do things’. Typical utterances are: ‘I do’, ‘ I name the ship Elizabeth’, ‘I bet you six pence it will rain tomorrow’. In these cases the uttering of the relevant words is the leading event, without the action specified can not be done. The concept of constatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act, and five categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by J. R. Searle constitute the speech act theory.
4. sense is concerned with a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical word; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of
experience. It is abstract and de-contextualized. For example, the word “dog” is defined as “ a domesticated canine animal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form.” This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the world, bur
applies to any animal that meets the features given in the definition. So this is the sense of the word “dog”.
5. synonymy: synonymy refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning; the same one word may have more than one meaning, for example, ‘dad’ and ‘father’, ‘fall’ and ‘autumn’.
II. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4.F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8.F 9. T 10. F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14. F 15.T 16.T 17.T 18.F 19. F 20. F III. 1. transfer 2 arbitrary 3 dialect 4. French 5. context 6. Antonymy 7. transformational rules.
8. morpheme , prefix 9. complementary 10. arbitriariness. 11. Inaternational Pohnetic Alphabet. 12. slant, square bracket 13. complementary 14. word, sentence 15. free
IV. 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.A 15.D 16. B 17.B 18. B 19.B 20.B
V. 1. Suprasegmental features are phonological features above the sound segment level. The major suprasegmental features in English are word stress, sentence stress, and intonation. The location of word stress in English distinguish meaning. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged: 'import n. - im'port v., 'rebel n. - re'bel v.
Sentence stress indicates that some words are more important than others. The more
important words in English are nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns. To give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in a sentence that usually unstressed can be stressed. For example, in the sentence: \"He is using my pen\my\" is usually unstressed. But to emphasize the fact the pen he is using is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my.
Intonation plays a very important role in the conveyance of meaning in English. English has four basic types of intonation. When spoken in different intonations, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.
2. The Cooperative Principle (or CP) , proposed and formulated by P. Grice, is a pragmatic
hypothesis about the mechanism governing the production and comprehension of utterances, which means ‘Make your contribution to the conversation such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged.’ It has four sub-
parts or maxims that cooperative conversationalists ought in principle to respect: (1) The maxim of quality (\"Tell the truth\") • Do not say what you believe to be false.
• Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. (2) The maxim of quantity (\"Say just as much as is necessary\")
• Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
• Do not make the contribution more informative than is required. (3) The maxim of relevance (\"Stick to the point\") • Make your contributions relevant. (4) The maxim of manner (\"Be clear\") • Avoid obscurity • Avoid ambiguity • Be brief • Be orderly
3. A root is the base form of word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, i.e., a root is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. For example, carelessness is a three-morpheme derivative which keeps care as its root when –less and –ness are removed.
A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. It may be the same as a root of different from a root. In the word tolerable, toler- is both the root and the stem, but in the word intolerable, tolerable is its stem, toler- is is its root. In the word relations, relation is both the root and the stem, but in the word relationship, relationship is its stem, relation is its root. Some words such as compounds: greenhorn, upgrade have more than one root.
4. 1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside. S
NP VP
VP
PP V NP
The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.
2) He knows I will come the day after tomorrow.
S
NP VP
V S
NP VP
He knows I will come the day after tomorrow.
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容