从句

一．名词性从句

名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. I believe (that) he is honest.

The truth is that I have been there.

The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.

(一)主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 主语从句的三种形式： 1,由that引起的主语从句

It’s my fault that this has happened

2， 由连接代词（副词）或者whether引起的主语从句。 It’s not my business how she chooses to live. 3, 由what 引起的主语从句。 What she lacks is experience.

注意：为了平衡句子结构，通常使用It 作形式主语代替主语从句。 用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配： It + be + adj. ＋ that从句 It is necessary that… It is important that …. It is obvious that…… It + be + done ＋ that从句

1 It is believed that…

It is known to us/all that …. It has been decided that…… It + be + n. ＋ that从句

It is common knowledge that… It is a surprise that …. It is a fact that…… It + vi＋ that从句

It appears that… It happens that …. It occurred to me that……

(二)宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), I heard that he joined the army.

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句， She did not know what had happened.

I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。

She told me that she would accept my invitation.

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2. 作介词的宾语，

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate(合作）with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语，

I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. I am sure (that) he will win the game. 4. it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。

We thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. 5. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think the dress fits you well. 请注意whether和if 的区别

引导宾语从句时whether, if一般可通用。但在下列情况下一般只用 whether 。 1. 在动词 discuss 之后。

We discussed whether we should close the store . 2.Just now they talked about whether they would help us .（介词后） 3. 后面紧跟 or not 时，一般只用 whether 。

He didn’t say whether or not he would be staying here . 2 4.后面跟不定式时，一般只用 whether 。

He doesn’t know whether to go to Beijing (or not) . 5.引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时 Whether he will come is unknown. 主语从句

The question is whether you should accept it. 表语从句

The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided. 同位语从句 I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not. 从句作介词的宾语 She hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 直接跟不定式连用

1. I don’t know __ I’ll be free tomorrow.

2. I don’t know _____ or not I’ll be free tomorrow. 3. The question is _____ this book is worth writing.

4. It depends on _ whether_____ we will have enough money. 5. ______ they can do it matters little to us.

6. The manager asked me the question ________ I would like to be his secretary. 7.____you are not free tomorrow, I’ll go without you.

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三．表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构

1.由从属连词引导。如：“that”,“whether”

The question is whether we should ask them for help. 2.由连接代词引导。如：“what” “who”“whom”“whose” “which” Guilin is not what it used to be. 3.由连接副词引导。如：“when”“why”“where”“how”“because” That is why he didn’t pass the exam. 4.另可由as if ,as though引导。如 It looks as if it were going to rain. 注意

一 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

F: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. R: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 二 that在表语从句中不可以省掉。

What I told him was that I would find him a good play.（that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略）

四．同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导. 3 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 注意：同位语从句与定语从句的区别

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. （同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） The news that he told me was false. （定语从句） 辨别下列从句是定语从句还是同位语从句 1.We heard the news that our team had won.

2.We must face the fact that we had spent all our money. 3. The news that he told me yesterday was false. 4. I have no doubt that he will come soon. 5. The fact is that we have spent all our money. 再次友情提醒:

1）that 在从句中不作句子成分，引导主语/表语/同位语从句时，不省略。

2）that 引导宾从时，通常可省略。但 and/but 连接两个由 that 引导的宾从时，第一个 that 可省略，第二个 that 不可省略。

They said that they were new here and that they lost their way.

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二 形容词性从句 （定语从句） 1.定语从句：

修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。

关系词有关系代词和关系副词

关系代词有: that, which, who, whom, whose,as等 关系副词有: when, where, why 关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语

The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 2 whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.

注意：关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who ) you met just now is my old friend. 3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 4．that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 4 Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 5．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book of which the cover is yellow? Do you still remember the day _________ I first came to Beijing?

I’m going to visit the school _______ my mother taught physics ten years ago. （三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 1. Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.

2.This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 3.We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

4.The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.

The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.

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注意：

1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等

This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. This is the watch for which I am looking . 错

２.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with that you talked just now is my neighbour. F The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. T The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. F （四）关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born.

Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。

From the years when / in which he was going to primary school he had known what 5 he wanted to be when he grew up.

Is this the factory where she used to work?

I still remember the day when he said goodbye to me. That’s the reason why he was always late for school. The hotel where we are going to stay is very famous. August is the month when the weather gets cool. 五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“．．．的” 通常译成主句的并列句。 注意区分

1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。） Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。） 2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。） All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）

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（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。

Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you.

He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，

All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4．当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 注意：当先行词指人时，通常用关系代词 who。

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5.当先行词前面有who, which 等疑问代词时。

6 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。 that are walking up the street.

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school （二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是

1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see.

2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。

As is known to all, China is a developing country. John, as you know, is a famous writer.

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：

Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 3.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。

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I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. He is not such a fool as he looks.

注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. (三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。

The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. （五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。 There are very few but admire his talents. （but = who don’t）

三 副词性从句（ 状语从句） 时间状语从句

When we lived in the town we often went to the theatre. 地点状语从句

Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 原因状语从句

7 He was angry because we were late.

条件状语从句

If you do that I shall be very pleased. 让步状语从句

Though we are poor, we are still happy. 结果状语从句

Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly. 目的状语从句

There was so much to lose that we couldn’t take any risks. 方式状语从句

I have changed it as you suggest. 比较状语从句

It’s easier than I thought.

九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词 状语类别 从属连词 时间 when, whenever, as, while, before, after, till (until), since, ever since, once, as soon as, soon after, the moment, the minute, immediately等，each time, every time, last time, by the time no sooner…than, hardly…when where, wherever 地点

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原因 目的 结果/程度 条件 比较 让步 because, as, since, considering that, now that so that, in order that, for fear that, in case so that, so…that, such… that, that, with the result that if, unless, as (so) long as, as (far) as, in case, suppose that, on condition that as… as, not as (so)… as, than though, although, even if, even though, as, however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whether…or, no matter who/what/which/where/when/whether/how as, as if, as though 行为方式 用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：

1. While I was walking along the street, I found many beautiful buildings 2. Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. Now that/Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 4. I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me.

5. So clever was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. 6. As long as you don’t lose heart, you’ll succeed. 7. Try as he might, he could not find a job.

8. The old lady treats the boy as if he were his own son. 9. He is taller than I am.

10. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.

11. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be. 12. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.

13. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him. 14. I shall go to the park unless it rains.

15. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 16. Where there is water, there is life.

17. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates. 18. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you. 19. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart.

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